Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited condition that affects the red blood cells, causing them to take on an abnormal crescent or “sickle” shape. These misshapen cells can block blood flow, leading to pain, organ damage, and other complications. The symptoms and severity of SCD can vary widely, but there are some common signs to be aware of, especially when managing the condition throughout life.

Common Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease

1. Pain Crises (Vaso-occlusive Crises) One of the most common and challenging symptoms of sickle cell disease is episodes of severe pain, known as pain crises. These occur when sickled red blood cells block the flow of oxygen to specific parts of the body, causing intense pain. Pain can occur anywhere, but it most commonly affects the chest, back, arms, legs, and joints. These episodes can vary in frequency and duration and may require medical treatment to manage.
2. Anaemia Sickle cell disease can lead to anaemia, a condition where the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues. This can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Anaemia in sickle cell patients is due to the rapid breakdown of sickle-shaped cells, which are unable to live as long as healthy red blood cells.
3. Swelling in Hands and Feet (Dactylitis) Swelling in the hands and feet, also known as dactylitis, is a common early symptom of sickle cell disease. This can occur as a result of blocked blood flow in the small blood vessels, causing pain and swelling. It is most common in children but can continue into adulthood.
4. Frequent Infections People with sickle cell disease are more vulnerable to infections because the spleen, which helps fight infections, can become damaged by sickled cells. This makes it harder for the body to fight off infections, and individuals with SCD may experience frequent fevers or infections, particularly pneumonia, meningitis, and blood infections. Regular vaccinations and antibiotics may be recommended to help prevent infections.
5. Delayed Growth and Puberty Children with sickle cell disease may experience delays in growth and puberty. This is due to the chronic nature of the disease, which can affect the body’s overall development and nutrient absorption. It is important for young people with SCD to receive proper care and nutritional support to help manage these challenges.
6. Stroke Stroke is a serious complication of sickle cell disease, particularly in children. The abnormal blood flow caused by sickle-shaped cells can block blood vessels in the brain, leading to a stroke. Symptoms of a stroke can include sudden weakness or numbness, difficulty speaking, and vision changes. Immediate medical attention is necessary if a stroke is suspected.
7. Acute Chest Syndrome Acute chest syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease that affects the lungs. It is caused by the sickling of red blood cells in the lungs, leading to pain, fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. This condition often requires hospitalisation and intensive treatment.
8. Organ Damage Over time, sickle cell disease can lead to damage in various organs due to the reduced blood flow caused by sickled cells. This can result in problems with the kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, and eyes. Regular check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect any early signs of organ damage.
9. Jaundice Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, can occur in people with sickle cell disease due to the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes the bilirubin released from destroyed red blood cells, but when too many cells are broken down, the liver may not be able to handle the excess bilirubin, leading to jaundice.